AI-enabled electromagnetic metasurfaces for wireless communication and invisibility cloak
用于无线通信和隐形斗篷的AI赋能电磁超表面
AIを活用した無線通信および不視界化カバーのための電磁メタ表面
AI 기반 무선 통신 및 보이스 클로 ak을 위한 전자기 메타표면
Superficies metálicas electromagnéticas habilitadas por IA para comunicaciones inalámbricas y capas de invisibilidad
Surfaces métamatériaux électromagnétiques avec IA pour les communications sans fil et les vêtements d'invisibilité
Искусственный интеллект-управляемые электромагнитные метаповерхности для беспроводной связи и камуфляжа невидимости
Fan Zhang ¹ ² ³, Jiwei Zhao ¹ ² ³, Huan Lu ¹ ² ³, Guixi Mei ¹ ² ³, Ruikai Hu ⁴, Bin Zheng ¹ ² ³, Hongsheng Chen ¹ ² ³
¹ State Key Laboratory of Reliability Technology for Electronic Components, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
中国 杭州 浙江大学杭州国际科创中心 电子元件可靠性技术国家重点实验室
² The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
中国 杭州 浙江大学信息科学与电子工程学院 浙江大学电磁信息与电子集成创新研究所
³ Zhejiang Key Lab. of Intelligent Electromagnetic Control and Advanced Electronic Integration, Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321099, China
中国 金华 浙江大学金华研究院 全省电磁智能感控与先进电子集成重点实验室
⁴ ZJU-UIUC Institute, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China
中国 海宁 浙江大学伊利诺伊大学厄巴纳香槟校区联合学院
Programmable metasurfaces have evolved into dynamic electromagnetic (EM) interfaces capable of manipulating wavefronts across spatial, temporal, spectral, and information domains. This review summarizes recent advances in programmable metasurfaces and their integration with artificial intelligence (AI).
We first introduce the fundamental coding mechanisms, including spatial coding, temporal modulation, and space-time coding (STC), which provide the physical basis for multidimensional EM control. We then review AI-enabled methodologies for metasurfaces, covering inverse design, large-scale and STC metasurface synthesis, and closed-loop systems integrating sensing, learning, and real-time EM control. Representative system-level applications are discussed in two directions.
For wireless communication, programmable metasurfaces enable radio-environment orchestration, direct information modulation, and integrated sensing and communication. For stealth-oriented applications, they support AI-assisted cloaking design, adaptive invisibility, and EM signature regulation, including Doppler-signature manipulation. Finally, we discuss key challenges in data efficiency, physical consistency, experimental validation, hardware scalability, energy consumption, and closed-loop deployment.
This review presents programmable metasurfaces as a unifying platform concept for intelligent EM systems, while recognizing that current system-level demonstrations remain more mature in the microwave and millimeter-wave regimes.
